A QUICK GRAMMAR REVIEW

Parts of Speech

· NOUN - person, place, thing, quality, idea, or action

· ARTICLE – Indefinite = a / an ; Definite = the

· ADJECTIVE - describes a noun (includes in/definite articles)

· VERB - an action word:

o Transitive - action passes from doer to something else

o Intransitive - action does not pass beyond the doer

o Linking= Copulative = Verb of Being / Becoming - describes doer

· ADVERB - describes actions or adjectives

· PRONOUN - word which takes the place of a noun:

o personal (I, you, they…), relative (who, which…), indefinite (some, any…), interrogative (who? which?...)

· PREPOSITION - relates a noun or phrase (= Object of Preposition) to something else

· CONJUNCTION - connects words, phrases, or sentences:

o coordinating (and, or, but), subordinating (since, when, because…)

· PARTICLE - an interjection (however, therefore…)

Parts of a Sentence - each sentence needs at least a subject and a main verb

· SUBJECT - a noun, pronoun, or substantive (a substantive is a phrase or clause which functions as a noun)

· PREDICATE/MAIN VERB - states the action related to the subject

· DIRECT OBJECT - a noun, pronoun, or subst which receives the action of a transitive verb

· INDIRECT OBJECT - secondary recipient of action of transitive verb

· PREDICATE NOMINATIVE - noun, pronoun, or substantive identifying the subject of linking verb

· PREDICATE ADJECTIVE - adjective which describes subject of linking verb

Analysis of Nouns

· GENDER - masculine, feminine, neuter

· NUMBER - singular, plural

· CASE - Nominative: Subject, Predicate Nominative, Predicate Adjective

o Genitive: relationship (possession), definition, description

o Dative: Indirect Object, location, instrumental

o Accusative: Direct Object, reference, manner, subject of infinitive

o Vocative: used in direct address

(in Greek, case and number are indicated by Inflection of the word which follows a Declensional pattern)

Analysis of Verbs

· TENSE: Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect

· VOICE: Active, Middle, Passive (Deponent)

· MOOD: Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Participle, Infinitive

· PERSON: 1, 2, 3

· NUMBER: singular, plural

Clauses

· Main / Independent (a complete thought containing both a subject and a predicate)

· Subordinate / Dependent (an incomplete thought that depends on or is subordinate to a main clause to make sense)

Sentences

· Simple (= a main clause standing alone as a sentence)

· Coordinating (= two or more simple sentences joined by coordinating conjunction)

· Complex (= simple sentence modified by one or more subordinate clauses)

MGVH – 4/2003